Cause
| French | English | Note |
|---|
| parce que | because | answers pourquoi |
| car | for, as | written, never at the start |
| comme | as, since | always at the start: Comme il pleut, je reste. |
| puisque | since (obvious reason) | the reason is already known |
| à cause de + noun | because of | negative cause |
| grâce à + noun | thanks to | positive cause |
Consequence
donc (so, therefore), alors (so), c'est pourquoi (that's why), si bien que (so that, with the result that), tellement… que (so… that).
Il était tellement fatigué qu'il s'est endormi.
He was so tired that he fell asleep.
J'ai raté le bus, donc je suis en retard.
I missed the bus, so I'm late.
Contrast
| French | English | Construction |
|---|
| mais | but | — |
| pourtant, cependant | yet, however | — |
| alors que, tandis que | whereas, while | + indicative |
| bien que, quoique | although | + subjunctive |
| malgré | despite, in spite of | + noun |
| au lieu de | instead of | + infinitive |
Purpose
| French | English | Construction |
|---|
| pour / afin de | (in order) to (same subject) | + infinitive |
| pour que / afin que | so that (different subject) | + subjunctive |