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Course: French English Spanish Greek
Explanations in: Greek English Spanish French
B2

Participle clauses

Having finished…, Built in 1900…, Not knowing what to do…

StructureMeaningExample
-ingat the same time, reasonFeeling tired, I went to bed.
having + p.p.earlier actionHaving finished his work, he went out.
past participlepassive meaningBuilt in 1900, the house needs repairs.
not + -ingnegative reasonNot knowing the way, we got lost.

Test yourself

  1. Rewrite: After he had read the letter, he cried. (Having…)
    Show answer
    Having read the letter, he cried.
  2. Rewrite: If you work more, you'll earn more. (By…)
    Show answer
    By working more, you'll earn more.
  3. Rewrite: The book, which was written in 1850, is a classic.
    Show answer
    Written in 1850, the book is a classic.
  4. Rewrite: Because he didn't know what to say, he left.
    Show answer
    Not knowing what to say, he left.